In today's extremely competitive business market, you must have legal permission to own it if you possess something. Intellectual property (IP), which refers to intangible creations of the human intellect, must be registered in the form of a trademark, patent, copyright, industrial design, or geographical indication to ensure that illegal or unlawful people do not have the power to copy or re......

What is Rights Issue? In layman’s term Right Issue is a benefit available with the shareholders of a company to subscribe to the additional shares on priority basis at a price lower than the market price. It is often construed as a right of the existing shareholders to first and foremost subscribe to any new shares being issued by the company and by virtue of their position in the company, ......

INTRODUCTION Vivad se Vishwas Scheme was publicized in Budget 2020 to resolve unsettled disputes associated with direct taxes. It is a trial to unharness 9.32 trillion (as of 30 November 2019) blocked in roughly 483000 appeals unfinished at varied appellant forums. The theme got assent from the Hon’ble President on 17 March 2020. According to the Vivad se Vishwas bill, this theme is approp......

How to calculate the gross receipt or turnover? ‘Turnover’, ‘Gross Receipts’ and ‘Sales’ are the buzzwords during this Tax Audit season. Incidentally, they are the very starting point of a Tax Audit. They form the qualifying criteria, determine whether a taxpayer is liable to tax audit during a given year. Sec. 44AB of the Income Tax Act 1961 lays down limits o......

Let us first of all see what section 69C of the Income Tax Act, 1961 reads. Section 69C reads as under: 69C. Where in any financial year an assessee has incurred any expenditure and he offers no explanation about the source of such expenditure or part thereof, or the explanation, if any, offered by him is not, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, satisfactory, the amount covered by such ......

The basic edifice of presumptive scheme u/s 44AD is assessee would not be called to maintain books under the Act and get them audited if profit shown by assessee is otherwise in accordance with prescription of section 44AD of the Act. But maintaining books of account is sine qua non for making addition under section 68. Since section 44AD does not obligate assessee to maintain books, pro......

There is a misconception in the mind of business as well as professional community that if a person opts the provisions of presumptive taxation, then he is free to enjoy the difference between the actual profits and the presumptive profits. It is to be noted that the provisions of presumptive taxation are enacted to facilitate computation of total income and filing of return of income. It does not......

The limits specified for getting your accounts audited are different in case of business and profession.  Some persons are engaged in carrying on both business and profession at the same time. Now a question may arise in the case of an assessee carrying on business and at the same time engaged in a profession as to what are the limits applicable to him under section 44AB for getting the accou......

Section 44AB of the income-tax Act, 1961, which provides for tax audit of certain taxpayers, has been amended in the recent past in order to relax the compliance burden on small taxpayers. However, while these amendments are well-intentioned, they have increased confusion amongst taxpayers. We know that there are various monetary limits u/s Sec 44AA , 44AB and Sec 44AD of the Act relating to ......

Government inserted new TDS Section 194Q which will be effective from 01-July-2021, which say Any person, being a buyer who is responsible for  paying any sum  to any resident (hereafter in this section referred  to  as  the  seller) for purchase  of  any  goods of the value or aggregate of such value exceeding fifty lakh rupees in any previous year,&nb......

In India, a large population is engaged in the agriculture sector and there are numerous transactions regarding sale and purchase of agriculture produce. The farmers sell their agriculture produce to Pacca Arahtias i.e. traders through kachha Arahtias. Kachha arahtia are commission agents and are only facilitators of auctions/sales of agricultural produce, which farmers bring to mandi for sale. Th......

Cryptocurrency – Trending Global Currency Genesis of all the cryptocurrency came from Bitcoin. Bitcoin was the first crypto currency developed by pseudonymous computer programmer “Satoshi Nakamoto”. According to Investopedia, “A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend. ......

Presumptive Taxation allows taxpayers to offer their income for tax without any compliance burden. This taxation scheme provides ease of doing business and simplify the taxation process for small business enterprises, traders and professionals. As per the Income tax Act, 1961, a person engaged in business or profession is required to maintain regular books of account and further, in some cases he ......

Introduction The provisions of section 51 of the Income-tax Act deal with advance money received for transfer of a capital asset. As per the old provisions where any capital asset was on any previous occasion the subject of negotiations for its transfer, any advance or other money received and retained by the assessee in respect of such negotiations shall be deducted from the cost of acquisition ......

In the present materialistic society, the citizens of our country have lot of reasons to celebrate owing to its diversified culture, customs and religion. On many occasion’s  gifts are exchanged. In fact, gifting each other is a symbol of love and affection and can also be a symbol of social status. However, many a time gifts can also be a part of tax planning / tax evasion. While tax p......

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs vide its Circular (CSR-01/4/2021-CSR-MCA) dated May 20, 2021 [MCA Circular] has once again ignited a fresh debate on the intent with which it has issued the said circular. The MCA Circular intends to provide relief to corporates which claimed to have contributed excess CSR funds to the “Prime Minister's Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emerg......

Introduction Amid the global pandemic and the synchronised recession prevalent in the current scenario the highly anticipated Budget (popularly addressed as “Once in a century budget”) for the Fiscal year 2021-2022 was delivered on February 01, 2021 by the Hon’ble Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. This year being the year of having an adaptive approach, the budget was introdu......

“Keyman Insurance” can be defined as an insurance policy where the proposer is a Company, the premium is paid by the company, the claim also goes to the Company, but the insured is an employee.        Keyman insurance can be defined as an insurance policy where the proposer as well as the premium payer is the employer, the life to be insured is that of th......

The Concept of One Person Company is revolutionary in India but very successful form of business type in several European Countries, In India the expert committee of Dr. J.J. Irani had proposed the of an OPC in the year 2005, which was purely aimed for the structured organized business and organized private sector.   Introduction   The Concept of ‘One Person Company’ ......

OVERVIEW Trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks are protected by intellectual property rights (IPR). At the national/regional level, trademark protection can be obtained through registration, by filing an application for registration with the national/regional trademark office and paying the required fees. ......

ALP of RPTs under the Companies Act, 2013 (Sec 188 Analysis)1. BACKGROUND The issue of the transactions between the related parties or associated parties have always been a matter of great concern for the revenue authorities along with other authorities along with the other stakeholders of the business of the entities. This is due to the reason that such transactions are highly subject to or pron......

Food License is necessary for every business involved in food packaging, transportation, distribution, and sale & purchase of food products in order to continue their business. In these times, the people are more than ever concerned regarding their health, what they eat, and where they eat, so the FSSAI License becomes more vital as it will give assurance to the people that the food served is ......

INTRODUCTION A share certificate is a certificate given to the shareholder of the company in the form  SH-1. Share certificate being an instrument requires stamping and Stamp duty on share certificate is a state-related matter where delay in payment of stamp duty appeals penalty. Firstly, Stamp duty on share certificate has to be paid at the time of incorporati......

Sr. No. Section Act/Rules Approving Authority Type of Resolution Particulars Requirement to file MGT-14 Public Limited Private Limited 1. 5 (4) The Companies Act, 2013 Shareholders Special Resolution To insert entrenchment provisions in the articles of association of a public limited company. Yes ......

After the notification of the SEBI Investment Adviser (Amendment) Regulations, 2020 on 3rd July, 2020, the Association of Mutual Funds in India (“AMFI”) has issued guidance regarding nomenclature to be used by Registered Mutual Fund Distributor. As per the said Regulations, no distributor shall use the nomenclature “Independent Financial Adviser or IFA or Wealth Adviser or any o......

Private Limited Company The word “Private Company” defined under Section 2(68) of the Companies Act 2013 and means a company having minimum paid up share capital as may be prescribed (now it is optional to keep any minimal capital) and which by its articles], a) The private limited company is restricted to transfer its shares; b) The maximum number of its members is restricted to tw......

A Public Limited Company has been defined under Section 2(71) of the Companies law. Public Limited Company offers shares to the general public and has limited liability. A Company which is a subsidiary of a public company shall be deemed to be a public company for the purpose of this Act even where such subsidiary continues to be a private company in its articles. Classification: Listed Company:......

Input Tax Credit Input Tax Credit or ITC is a credit that can be used to pay off tax liability of registered taxpayer. It is a tax paid by the person registered under the GST Act when he purchase goods or avail any services from a registered taxable person. It help the registered taxpayer to reduce his tax liability when he sales goods or render any services. Input tax credit is available only to......

 Understanding the term Producer Company: A Producer Company maybe refer to as a legally recognized entity of farmers with the objective of improving the standard of living. Producer Company can be incorporated by 10 or more individuals or 2 or more institutions or it can be a combination of both having business objectives as one of the following: Production Procurement Grading Harves......

Background  Employee Stock Option Plan (Hereinafter "ESOP") or Equity incentive plan is the scheme through which the companies provide ownership rights to its employees.  ESOP is governed through Section 62(1) (b) of the Companies Act, 2013 ("CA, 2013") and SEBI (ESOS and ESPS) Guidelines, 1999 as amended.  In the present article, understanding with regard to ......

Taxpayers who have already registered under the GST Act can apply for cancellation of GST registration any time if they think they should close their business or in case any situation arises. Once the registration is cancelled it is no longer required to pay tax or collect tax from ordinary people. WHAT WILL HAPPENED ONCE REGISTRATION IS CANCELLATION The Taxpayer cannot collect and is no longe......

The recent times has seen an exponential growth in e-commerce across the world. E-commerce is the activity of electronically buying or selling of products over the internet. In this type of business model, a firm or individual conducts business through an electronic medium, typically the internet. There are two types of e-commerce business models operating in India Inventory based model: Invent......

ANNUAL COMPLIANCE OF PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY The word "Private Company" defined under Section 2(68) of the Companies Act 2013. It is now optional to keep any minimal capital. However, articles shall provide for The private limited Company is restricted to transfer its shares; The maximum number of its members is restricted to two hundred; Prohibited to invite public to subscribe to its shar......

The word “Non-resident taxable person” has been defined under the Goods and Services Tax Act 2017, as an individual who occasionally do any transactions involving any supply of goods or services, or both, whether as a principal or as an agent and that person do not have any fixed any fixed place in India. REGISTRATION FOR NON-RESIDENT TAXABLE PERSON SECTION 24 OF GST ACT- Compulsory......

LLP or Limited Liability Partnership is nothing but an alternative corporate form that provides benefits of “Limited Liability” to the designated partners at reasonable costs of compliance.  It is a legal entity. However, the liability of all Designated Partners is limited to the portion as contributed by the Designated Partners. Hence, LLP have benefits of both ie., Company as w......

About Nidhi Company   In this article, we will be discussing the procedure of the Incorporation of Nidhi Company. Nidhi Company is a non-banking financial business.   Nidhi Company performs lending and borrowing of money job with its members themselves do all the work. This is done for the mutual benefits of all the members of the Nidhi company. It promotes saving and utilization of ......

GST or Goods or Services Tax is a consumption based tax, it is an indirect tax which levied on sale, manufacturing, consumption, import and export of Goods or Services. The Act made effective with the view to remove cascading of taxes which were there in India. There were number of taxes which were imposed on the goods or services and the input of different taxes paid by the taxpayer were not avai......

LLP or Limited Liability Partnership is nothing but an alternative corporate form that provides benefits of "Limited Liability" to the designated partners at reasonable costs of compliance.    It is a legal entity. However, the liability of all Designated Partners is limited to the portion as contributed by the Designated Partners. Hence, LLP have benefits of both ie., Company as well ......

There are various compliances needs to be done by a Foreign Company, however before going into details one needs to understand the term Foreign Company. The word “Foreign Company” has been defined under Section 2 (42) “Foreign Company”. It includes a company or a Body corporate which is formed outside the territory of India and having its place of business in India through ......

INTRODUCTION Albert Einstein in his  famous  book  “The world as I see it” wrote; A hundred times every day, I remind  myself  that my inner and  outer life  are based on the labours of other men, living and dead ,and that I must exert myself  in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still  receiving’ .These word......

Traditional Approach The role of the public auditor traditionally has been limited to opinions on financial statements and related issues of legality, regularity and fraud. This involved assessments of whether transactions were properly controlled, whether care  was taken in the collection and custody of revenues, whether expenditures were properly incurred and, generally, whether Parliament......

We are living in an era of positive presentation. Here is a news headline by a newspaper considered not so sympathetic to the Government: Corp affairs ministry allows companies to extend AGMs for up to 3 months What the Government did? It did not allow any extension as of now. It has not accepted a request to grant a general extension for holding the Annual General Meeting by companies. The......

Export are always crucial activity for Economic Growth and Development of any Country. It provide various benefit for Country such as maintaining the trade balance, increase foreign exchange reserve, create job opportunity. Government provide numerous benefit to exporter to make them efficient and competitive in Foreign Market. Under GST, Government specified Export to be treated as Zero Rated S......

Government has taken number of measures to enhance the ease of doing business. In this direction, a Committee constituted by Ministry of Commerce and Industry has also recommended the reduction of documents for import and export of goods in order to reduce transaction cost. As per the extant provisions, an exporter is required to submit the SDF form along with Shipping Bills for export of goods. ......

The fundamental rights of every citizen of India, such as right to equality, right to freedom of speech, right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business etc. are enshrined in the Constitution of India (‘the Constitution’). In order to safeguard the fundamental rights, the Constitution confers on every citizen the right to constitutional remedies i.e. ......

What is Quantum Computing? We all are aware of the fact that computers that we use today commonly known as classic computers, encode/ decode the information in bits that take the value of 1 or 0. Quantum computing is a new frontier in modern era which is focused on developing a computer technology which is based on the principles of quantum theory. This quantum theory explains the behavior of ene......

Historically, corporate reporting focusing mainly on financial performance of companies, their historic performance and their key financial indicators, provided pointers to stakeholders about present and potential performance of the companies. Of late, these reports have started including sections on corporate strategies, social and environment concerns and actions being taken up by the companies.......

Dear Friends,   Now season of Annual General Meetings is started and many companies are declaring Dividend also. Where few issues are arising for how to treat Dividend payment and TDS on the same.   Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced in Union Budget that she is abolishing Dividend Distribution Tax, commonly known as DDT on companies. She also introduced a new TDS Sec......

The government announced some leeway for small and medium companies in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) framework during the GST council meeting. The relief came in the form of reduced penalties and interest for small and medium companies. The government has announced relief by the way of waiver or reduced late fee and interest for delayed filings and payment of taxes by the dealers who have a tu......

FEMA And International Taxation Perspective ACQUISITION AND  TRANSFER OF IMMOVABLE PROPERTYA NRI or an OCI may acquire immovable property in India other than an agricultural land or farm house or plantation property. POI as a category is no longer eligible to acquire immovable property as it is merged with OCI. MODES OF CONSIDERATIONProvided that the consideration, if any, for transfer, sha......

Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises on 26th June 2020 has officially notified the criteria for calculation of Investment and Turnover for MSMEs. The notification outlines the new classification of MSME that was introduced on 1st June 2020, which is as per the table below along with detailed plan of registration and other requirements.   Type Investment in Plant &a......

DPIIT (ERSTWHILE DIPP) ISSUES STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES TO DECIDE FATE OF FDI UNDER APPROVAL ROUTE System of approving foreign investment proposals in India by an inter-ministerial body is now officially replaced with approval by distinct administrative ministries / departments in accordance with the standard operating procedure issued by DPIIT (ERSTWHILE DIPP). Foreign investment pr......

The Reserve Bank of India (“RBI”) on 25th June 2020 issued a circular directed to all Banks and NBFCs regarding Digital Lending Platforms, wherein RBI has emphasized adherence to Fair Practices Code and Outsourcing Guidelines.   The circular points out the existence of “digital only” lending institutions registered with the RBI along with the ones having a “bri......

The launch of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations in 2016 has brought the world together in a mission to end poverty, fight inequality, and tackle climate change. Meanwhile, a bond market aimed at financing projects with social issues has emerged and deepened, supported by a growing number of investors who have begun to embed ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) s......

Dear Professional Colleagues,The business world today is highly volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous. Companies are testing and adopting newer business models to grab markets and ensuring sustainable growth.In order to get where we want to go in the long haul, it's important to take a look at where we stand today. It's even more important to put together smaller goals to make sure we're gett......

Traditionally, the way we measure economic success is by economic growth via metrics such as GDP. Classical economics propagated the theory of effective markets and underlined performance/output. This led to the use the macroeconomic term Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for measuring economic growth of countries. GDP is the aggregate monetary value of the goods and services produced in a country in a......

Definition:- Government assistance is action by government designed to provide an economic benefit specific to an entity or range of entities qualifying under certain criteria. Exclusion:- Government assistance does not include benefits provided only indirectly through action affecting general trading conditions, such as the provision of infrastructure in development areas or the imposition of......

A. Background of provisions relating to Annual General Meeting   When : Section 96 of the Companies Act, 2013 (“the Act”) and para 2 of SS-2 requires that all companies registered in India, other than a One Person Company, is required to hold an Annual General Meeting (AGM) each calendar year in addition to other General Meeting. A newly incorporated company is require......

Date: 03 June 2020 COVID-19 was declared as Pandemic and a Disaster. On March 24, 2020, nationwide 1st Lock Down was announced to curb the spread of the COVID-19, which was as per the directives of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) issued under Disaster Management Act, 2005. Considering the increase in number of infections and patients, NDMA continued with Lock Down one after the othe......

May 05, 2020 -  MCA General Circular No. 20/2020 dated May 05, 2020   On April 08, 2020, Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) had issued a General Circular No. 14/2020  (Circular-1) for passing of resolutions of members in the Extra Ordinary General Meeting (EGM) for Special Business (Not Ordinary Businesses) during this period of nationwide lock down and up to June 30 ,2020 ......

A. Background Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) : Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted on September 25, 2015 by 193 countries as a follow up to the Millennium Development Goals. The Sustainable Development Goals provide a powerful framework for businesses to engage in corporate social responsibility. Corporate is required to support the government for achieving SDG through CS......

(Self- Reliant India Movement)   A. Background   On 13th May 2020, the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi announced his Vision calling for 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan' (Self- Reliant India Movement). He proposed Five pillars of Atmanirbhar Bharat (1)Economy (2)Infrastructure (3) System (4) Vibrant Demography and (5) Demand.   *Prime Minister’s pledge of a total spending ......

Payment Gateway Set UP Fee   A one-time fee – applicable at the time of PG integration with your system i.e on your website/application, This is non-refundable, and The is non-recurring. This fee is to cover the essential expenses of engagement of New Merchant includes Site Visit, Physical Verification, Document verification, and KYC of business. Bank Connectio......

Definition of NBFC   An NBFC is a Company registered under the Companies Act, 1956 (‘Act, 1956’) or Companies Act, 2013 (‘Act, 2013’) and is engaged in the business of financial institution.   Section 45I(f) of the RBI Act, 1934 defines ‘‘Non-Banking Financial Company’’ as a financial institution which is a Company; a non-banking ......

When a Company Substantially wants to increase its financial reserve for expansion or acquisitions to paying down debts after its incorporation then it considers economically viable to increase its Subscribed Capital by the Further Issuance of Shares. Section 62 of the Companies Act, 2013 specifically mentions about provisions related to Further Issuance of Shares. A Right Issue is an offer made......

Section 12 and 13 of the Companies Act, 2013 and Companies (Incorporation) Rules, 2014 states the law and procedure regarding having a registered office of the Company and shifting of registered office of the Company.Provisions relating to shifting of the registered office from one state to another are contained in Section 13(4) of the Companies Act, 2013 which are detailed in rule 30 of The Compa......

  Amendment Due to Introduction of Finance BillA. Change In Tax Rates/ Slab RatesTax Rates for Individual, HUF, AOP, BOI and Artificial Judicial Person (other than opting for Sec 115BAC)↓                  ↓                    ↓   Individual (......

background PM Shri Narendra Modi, announced on dt. 24.04.202 nationwide lockdown to prevent “Covid -19” in India for 21 Days from dt, 25.03.2020. All activities commercials and non-commercials closed in country except exclusion given as per order issued with guideline as per:-  1) Order No.40-3/2020-DM-I (A) GOI, Ministry of Home Affairs dt. 24/03/2020(As amended time to time) ......

According to section 2(68), Private Company means a company which Restricts the right to transfer its shares; Limit the number of members to two hundred; Prohibit any invitation to the public to subscribe for any securities of the company; Therefore from the above definition it is clear that a Private limited company restricts the transfer of shares. There is a restriction on a......

Introduction: Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) in furtherance of their Circular No. 11/2020, dated 24th March 2020, has given an opportunity vide their Circular No. 12/2020 dated, 30th March 2020 to the Companies registered under Companies Act 2013 (Act) to make a fresh start. As per Act, the Companies are required to make Annual Statutory Compliances and to file various other statement, ......

Know All about Section 144 (with recent special words)   Section 144 of Criminal Procedure Code Power to issue order in urgent cases of nuisance of apprehended danger   (1) Who Can issue order: Order can be issued by District Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Magistrate or Executive Magistrate specially empowered by state Govt.   Why need to issue order: On sufficient ground of imme......

It is the time for all the stakeholder to in the finance sector to revisit its contractual obligations. This Covid-19 impacted the country at the time, when Govt. is working to strengthen the finance sector and which has been derailed due to giant NBFC crises, high rise in the banks NPA, high loan defaults and many more reasons. This pandemic will put more pressure this sector which already strugg......

The word pollution comes from Latin word pollute that simply means contamination. Hence, in layman terms, it means contamination of environment. Spell mean of Pollution:P = Palpitate of Humans Life O = OrnateL = lethal for humansL = load on human body T = total thunder in life I = InjuriousO = OverdoseN = Nature/Nation Pollution types:   Pollution  various types  of  pollut......

Introduction: As per the Companies Act, 2013 mainly there are two types of companies: Private Company Public Company Private Company is defined in section 2(68) of the Companies Act, 2013 “is a business company owned either by non-governmental organizations or by a relatively small number of shareholders or company members restricted to 200 which does not offer or trade its company ......

Recovery of tax demand in high pitched assessments assumes more importance when ultimate tax collector i.e. Government is in direct need of funds. As per estimates, around 10 Lacs Crore of Income Tax demand is pending in litigation and major portion of outstanding tax demand is determined in last 3-5 years' time span. Generally, 30 days' time period is allowed to the assessee for payment of deman......

MAMTA BINANI & ASSOCIATESCompany Secretaries INTRODUCTION:Under a new regime for Arrangements, an option given is to the certain class or classes of Companies to use the Fast Track process contemplated under Section 233 of the Companies Act, 2013. In short, we can say that Companies Act has provided a scheme of fast track mergers, dispensing with cumbersome procedure laid down for certain cla......

As part of Government of India’s Ease of Doing Business (EODB) initiatives, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs would be shortly notifying & deploying a new Web Form christened ‘SPICe+’ (pronounced ‘Spice Plus’) replacing the existing SPICe form, for reservation of names and incorporation of a company. Earlier, one had to upload PDFs. This is now replaced with the n......

Analysis of CARO, 2016 vs CARO, 2020 CARO 2016 CARO 2020 Difference Clause No. Matter Clause No. Matter   Issue date of CARO, 2016 is 29th March, 2016.   Issue date of CARO, 2020 is 25th February, 2020.     The effective date of its applicability is for Audits of F.Y. 2015-16 and onwards.   The effective date of its applicability is fo......

1. Who can file an appeal to the Appellate Authority? Any taxpayer or an unregistered person aggrieved by any decision or order passed against him by an adjudicating authority, may appeal to the Appellate Authority, within three months from the date on which the said decision or order is communicated to such person. 2. What are the pre-conditions to file an appeal to the Appellate Authority? Or......

Introduction of Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code, 2016 ´The Insolvency Code is a landmark piece of legislation to consolidate and codify law related to Insolvency of both Corporate Persons and Natural Persons. ´It was introduced on or about December 2016 and was notified only with respect to Corporate Persons i.e. Public and Private Limited Companies and Limited Liability Partnersh......

This is high time for the entities which have to comply with the provisions of Transfer Pricing (TP) under Income-tax Act, 1961 (the Act) i.e. only 5 days left for filing of the various forms under the Act as the due date is 30th November, 2019 for AY 2019-20. There are six methods prescribed under the as per section 92C(1) of the Act, which are: Comparable Uncontrolled Price Method (CUP......

Hardika: Hey Swami... Why can't you focus on your studies and career now? Swami:Yaar!!! I am trying hard to get focused but I am unable to do it. Hardika: why, what's bothering you?? Swami: Frankly speaking, I don't know where I am going... I want to be like you but I am not getting anidea about how can I proceed. I am not able to concentrate on my studies. Hardika:Ohh!!! Bus ittisi bat... Koi......

Background: U/s 4 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 income tax is payable by “every person”. U/s 2(31), Person is defined to include a Hindu Undivided Family (HUF). Section 3 of the Wealth Tax Act, 1957 also indicates that wealth is chargeable to tax in respect of the net wealth of any HUF. Definition: The expression “Hindu Undivided Family” has not defined under the Income Ta......

Benami Property Law-Doff the Mask of Real Owner The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 on 19.05.1988 in India was brought into force by government to stop the Benami Transaction where original owner of some property with the intention of curbing the illegal transactions wore a mask of some different person to hide his ownership and to enjoy the property acquired by him from illegal means......

Mandatory Compliances for Unlisted Public Limited Companies and Private Limited Companies Company shall print its CIN No. on its letter heads, business letter etc. [Section 12(3)] Paint/affix the name and address of registered office outside place of business, engrave name on the seal and mention name and registered office address in all its business correspondences, negotiable instrumen......

Draft Guidelines for setting up of and operating TReDS   Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), despite the important role played by them in the economic fabric of the country, continue to face constraints in obtaining adequate finance, particularly in terms of their ability to convert their trade receivables into liquid funds. In order to address this pan-India issue through setting ......

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), despite the important role played by them in the economic fabric of the country, continue to face constraints in obtaining adequate finance, particularly in terms of their ability to convert their trade receivables into liquid funds. In order to address this pan-India issue through setting up of an institutional mechanism for financing trade receivables......

Mandatory compliance pursuant to the Specified Companies (Furnishing of information about payment to micro and small enterprise suppliers) Order, 2019Download Specified Companies (Furnishing of information about payment to micro and small enterprise suppliers) Order, 2019 here 47310fc1aa67200ae8ccf60d40638279.pdf The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises vide notification date......

Business Development “Your Business Success Is Our Business.” Sets targets and creates action plans. Capacity to establish a brand. Sets realistic aspirations with customers. Comprehensive knowledge of the agency business. Business Development Business development is a constantly developing theory that can be approached from different viewpoints. Basically business developme......

Background: Hope all of you are doing great, this write up will be helpful for the small businesses that are searching to recover their outstanding from corporate and other entities. Government of India has taken the number of measures for the promotion and development of MSME ie., Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises as it is being presumed that this sector is very critical for the overall devel......

NATIONAL COMPANY LAW APPELLATE TRIBUNAL, NEW DELHI Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No. 671 of 2019 [Arising out of Order dated 28th June, 2019 passed by the Adjudicating Authority (National Company Law Tribunal), Kolkata Bench, Kolkata in CP (IB) No.1214/KB/2018]   IN THE MATTER OF: State Bank of India, Stressed Assets Management Branch – II, 1st Floor, Jeevan Deep Building, 1 M......

The Hon’ble NCLAT has in a crucial decision held that the NCLT has the powers to declare moratorium prior to admission of the petition against the corporate debtor. In the case of “NUI Pulp and Paper Industries Pvt Ltd v. M/s Roxcel Trading GMBH”, an appeal was filed by M/s NUI Pulp and Paper Industries Pvt Ltd (Appellant/Corporate Debtor) against the order of the NCLT, Chen......

COMPANY LAW APPELLATE TRIBUNAL, NEW DELHI Company Appeal (AT) No. 180 of 2019 [Arising out of Order dated 7th Law Tribunal, Chandigarh 39/Chd/Hry/2018] June, 2019 passed by the National Company Bench, Chandigarh in CA (CAA) No. IN THE MATTER OF:   J U D G M E N TDLF Phase-IV Commercial Developers Limited & Others, Company Appeal (AT) No. 180 of 2019,......

IMPORTANCE OF ECSIN AND UDIN:   UDIN is Unique Document Identification number is system generated 18 digit number which needs to be mentioned on the documents either by printing or it can be handwritten on the document issued. This 18 digit number means first 2 digit means of the year (Current year i.e. in case of 2019 it would be 19) Next 6 digit would consist of the membership number (A12......

  The uniform system of taxation, which, with a few exceptions of no great consequence, takes place in all the different parts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, leaves the interior commerce of the country, the inland and coasting trade, almost entirely free. The inland trade is almost perfectly free, and the greater part of goods may be carried from one end of the kingdom to the other,......

Credit shall be allowed on the stock of coal on which Clean Energy Cess has been paid in the erstwhile law and thus payment of Compensation Cess under GST shall not be required if the assessee has proper documents to claim the credit of such cesses paid – Delhi High Court. The summary is based on the interim order. The matter was posted on 26.10.2017 – however, the status of the case ......

The Hon’ble Supreme Court today passed a landmark judgment wherein the constitutional validity of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 was upheld in its entirety. The Hon’ble supreme Court had made certain observations and the major issues decided in the judgment given by the Bench of Justice Rohinton Nariman and Justice Navin Sinha on 25.01.2019 are as follows: I.  &nbs......

  The Ministry of Corporate Affairs vide notification dated April 30, 2019, amended the Companies (Acceptance of Deposits) Rules, 2014 by promulgation of the Companies (Acceptance of Deposits) Second Amendment Rules, 2019.   With the said amendment, the deadline for one-time filing of outstanding receipt of money or loan by a company but not considered as deposits, in terms of clause ......

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has presented innumerable improvements towards complete assurance of fairness and regularity in the progressing Food sector. Recently, a portion of the key reforms actualized in this direction, for example, the food security review led crosswise over India, and the regular examination of FSSAI registration and FSSAI license among the food busine......

Benefits and Required Information In order to estimate Digital payment transactions in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, you are requested to furnish information about the Digital transactions made by your enterprise. The use of Digital transactions offers incentive in the form of cash back and discounts. Secondly,it’s use also improves the credit score of an individual/enterprise. .&n......

Looking For Recovery of Bad Debt? Have you been haunted continuously by the nagging question of how to recover my bad debts? The most viable solution comes up from the Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016; a platform which provides relief from bad debts. If the value of debt exceeds rupees one lakh, then there is a legal tool provided by IBC where the creditor can initiate ins......

Startup India is an initiative of the Government of India. The campaign was first announced by Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi during his 15 August 2015 address from the Red Fort, in New Delhi. The action plan for this initiative is based on the following three pillars: Simplification and Handholding. Funding Support and Incentives. Industry-Academia Partnership and Incubati......

Companies and corporates have offered various Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) for a long time, to their upper-level executives for the sole purpose of motivation and retention. There are several stock-based compensation plans that do not actually use the stock itself but substitute it with hypothetical units or cash benefits. The reasons for this shift are manifold: The owners do......

More Compliances For Companies! The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) vide its notification dated 21 February, 2019, mandates every company that has been incorporated on or before 31 December, 2017, to file e-form INC-22A. The Active Company Tagging Identities and Verification (ACTIVE), through a new form viz. INC-22A, has been initiated based on Rule 25A of Companies (Incorporation) Amen......

Know all about this e-Form INC -22 A for Company KYC With regards to the latest E-form INC-22A (Active) introduced by MCA, Every company incorporated on or before the 31st December, 2017 shall file the particulars of the company and its registered office, in e-Form ACTIVE INC-22A. The major point worth noting is that the due date of filing Form INC-22A is June 1......

Error - “Failed to establish a connection to the server. Kindly restart the Emsigner”   Follow the steps below:   1). Uninstall previous Emsigner and Download latest Emsigner from GST Site. 2). Install latest the PKI Driver in your computer.      (Refer link : https://www.dscwizard.com/download)   3). Google Chrome: Open Chrome ......

INTRODUCTIONThe insolvency and bankruptcy code 2016, is the umbrella law that caters to all insolvencies and reorganizations taking place in our country. In comparison to other laws prevalent in our country, it is too new as the provisions relating to insolvency as well as liquidation of corporate persons came into force on December 01, 2016. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY DUE DILIGENCE?‘Due dilig......

ESOP and Phantom Stock, both are ways and means of incentivizing employees who hold strategic positions in a company, as they realize that the most precious asset of a company is human resources. But answering this crucial question needs critical analysis of both the options, furthermore, comprehending the pros and cons associated with them. What Is ESOP? Why Is It Given? Employee Stock Ownersh......

Opportunity to Reinstate License lost due to Insufficient Capital The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) sought to regulate the activities of NBFCs through the Reserve Bank of India (Amendment) Act, 1997. Section 45-IA was added to the RBI Act which makes it mandatory for NBFCs to obtain a Certificate of Registration (CoR) and to maintain a Net Owned Fund (NOF). “Keep in mind- The Act prescribes......

Frustrated By Overdue Debtors? If you are one of those many who is burdened by bad debt, then lots of your precious time and energy must be going in deciding how to recover my debt! Recovery of bad debt can be a nightmare for any creditor, whether financial or operational. Chasing or running after debtors, is a well-known fact, that generally does not bring positive results. Effective Solution ......

Incentivizing Key Management Members is of Paramount Importance! First of all, let’s analyze why incentivizing of key management workers, through ESOP, is crucial for all the companies! Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) is highly significant in today’s high-tech economy, as cut-throat competition makes it mandatory for companies to provide incentives to retain employees plus keep ......

BACKGROUND The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) had in June 2018, notified amended section 90 of the Companies Act, 2013 (2013 Act), and also issued the Companies (Significant Beneficial Owners) Rules, 2018 (SBO Rules). However, implementation of the SBO Rules was kept on hold in view of the representations received from stakeholders. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs has now vide its Notifica......

In a bid to implement the government’s mission to make India a cashless or less cash country and weed out corruption, the Income Tax Department has again warned people to refrain from large cash transactions, contravention of which may result in the levy of penalty or disallowance of tax deductions.   Following are the five transactions that Income Tax Department doesn’t want yo......

Companies (Acceptance of Deposits) Amendment Rules, 2019 Notification Date - 22nd January 2019 Summary:- 1. Every company receiving monies deposits, loan, ICD, advances, etc. is required to file DPT-3 annually.2. One time return for every company who have outstanding monies which are not deposits as per rule 2(1) (c) (Specified in Annexure-1.) Meaning of Deposits Section 2(31) - Deposits in......

Venturing into Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) sector has become easier post demonetization. Realizing that the banks alone cannot cater to the financial demands of all Indians, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has simplified the norms for new entrants in this field. NBFCs have created a niche for themselves as they have aggressively strategized to fill in the gap that exists between the b......

If you are a creditor who feels at the end of a tunnel because you are not able to recover your debt from various sources, you must be extremely anxious! Debt collection is a time consuming and torturous task, not possible to be done on your own especially if the debtor has no intention of coming out clean. What’s the way out? A harassed creditor needs to take help from professional debt c......

Understanding the Concept of Phantom Stock: It is an open secret that every business needs highly motivated and dedicated employees to achieve its optimum growth. Along with it they also need to retain their key employees so that they are not lured by their rivals. Incentives and perks of varied nature is a common method through which the companies make sure that their employees don’t aband......

Are you a disqualified director whose DIN has been deactivated because of non-compliance by your company/companies? Are you in the belief that your career has come to a halt for the next five years? Take heart and get first-hand information about the reason for your disqualification, then find out your rights as to overcome this situation. In 2017, the Ministry of Finance (MCA), in its zest to er......

Are you one of the Directors who was caught unawares and was struck by the new rules of the Companies Act, 2013? Your DIN has been deactivated by the Registrar of Companies (ROC) as a result of the struck-off company? The Past has a cascading effect on the Present: The googly of non-compliance has hit hard on at least 3.2 lakh Directors who were associated with struck off companies. As a mandato......

Dear Connects,   Today the topic with which I am dealing with is "Process to apply for Director Identification Number DIN"   Introduction:   Q.1. What is the Director Identification Number (DIN)?   A. DIN is an 8-digit Unique Director Identification Number allotted by the Central Government to any person intending to become a Director/Designated Partner of  a compa......

1.Introduction: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector has emerged as a highly vibrant and dynamic sector of the Indian economy over the last five decades. MSMEs not only play a crucial role in providing large employment opportunities at comparatively lower capital cost than large industries but also help in the industrialization of rural & backward areas, thereby, reducing regiona......

S. NO. FORM INTRODUCED ON DUE  DATE OF FILING OF FORM APPLICABILITY & PURPOSE FEES& PENALTY INFORMATION/DOCUMENTS REQUIRED EXEMPTIONS 1. ACTIVE FORM-INC 22A Ministry of Corporate Affairs on 21-02-2019 has brought a new concept Active Company Tagging Identities and Verification by the Companies (Incorporation) Amen......

Ministry of Corporate affairs after the introduction of Director KYC through e form DIR-3 KYC has decided that KYC of the Registered office of the Company shall be there, accordingly Ministry of Corporate Affairs has introduced a concept of ACTIVE (i.e. Active Company Tagging Identities and Verification) to tag the identity of the Company i.e. the Registered office of the Company.   Origin ......

Are you a completely dejected, disqualified director of a strike-off company? Are you feeling as if you have missed the last bus as your company did not avail CODS benefit and now you have to wait for five long years to get your DIN activated? Take heart, it’s not so! There are ways and means within your reach through which you can restore your career! Be aware & updated of your rights......

Introduction: The Indian Government is all set to improve the start-up ecosystem of the country and thus a plethora of initiatives have been initiated over the past few years. In this context, now more than ever before it has become immensely important to re-evaluate the Indian start-up environment from a variety of regulatory and legal perspective. Recent reforms brought in by the Government: ......

Introduction   In a clean-up exercise in 2017-18, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs had struck-off more than 2,00,000 shell companies out of 15 Lakhs Registered Companies from their records for not filing Annual Returns and Balance Sheet.   During this financial year 2018-19, a total of 2,25,910 companies have been identified for action under Section 248 of the Act and after followin......

IMPORTANT POINTS 1. APPLICABILITY   (1) These rules may be called the Companies (Incorporation) Amendment Rules, 2019 (2) They shall come into force with effect from 25th February, 2019 2. INSERTION OF NEW RULE 25A   25A. Active Company Tagging Identities and Verification (ACTIVE):   Every company incorporated on or before the 31st December, 2017 shall file the particulars ......

Madras High Court gives a Fighting Chance to NBFCs: Opportunity to Reinstate License lost due to Insufficient NOF   The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) sought to regulate the activities of NBFCs through the Reserve Bank of India (Amendment) Act, 1997. Section 45-IA was added to the RBI Act which makes it mandatory for NBFCs to obtain a Certificate of Registration (CoR) and to maintain a Net Ow......

The Author is Associated with Mamta Binani & Associates, Company Secretaries  The Capital market regulator has been continuously taking steps in the direction to strengthen and improve the compliance and corporate governance structure of listed Companies thereby coming up with regulatory requirements to be compiled by the listed entities to adhere to the regulations in letter and spirit.......

Maintaining of Books of Accounts at Place other than Registered Office of the companyAs per Section 128 of the Companies Act, 2013 read with the Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014 states that every company shall keep books of account, important papers and statement at the registered office of the company. This books of account should be kept on an accrual basis (as occurred) and as per the double en......

As its name suggests Employee Stock Ownership Plan is an extensive employee benefits offering that works as a meaningful way to drive employee satisfaction, motivation and retention. Whereas the employee benefit plan such as medical, life and disability insurance plan, retirement benefits plan, paid-time-off benefits provide financial security to employees, Employee Ownershi......

Did you get Disqualified from Directorship? Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) vide its sterndrive towards taming ‘Corruption’ took a very strict action on errant Companies and as a result in 2017 alone 2.2 lakh companies were struck off and 3.1 lakh Directors were barred for 5 years as their DINs were deactivated.                    ......

Introduction   MSME stands for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises., MSME industries are the backbone of the Indian economy. **As per RBI data, India’s MSME sector contributes to nearly a third of the gross domestic product, accounting for about 45% of manufacturing output and 40% of the country’s total outward shipments. [**News source: https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/MintSt......

Ease of Recovery of Bad Debt through Insolvency for Manufacturers/Suppliers/Service Providers Are you seeking a solution to recover lost money or are you suffering from bad debt?If you are a manufacturer or a Creditor who has given a loan or provided services or supplied goods, etc. to a Company and the Debtor/Corporate debtor has not paid or defaulted on the payment, then the new Insolvency &......

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INTRODUCTION: The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 is an Act of the Parliament of India which seeks to protect home-buyers as well as help boost investments in the real estate industry. The Act establishes Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) in each state for regulation of the real estate sector and also acts as an adjudicating body for speedy dispute redressal. T......

Persons Eligible for Tax Audit: As per the provision of Section 44AB, any person having income or turnover from business exceeding Rs. 200 Lakhs or gross receipt from profession exceeding Rs. 50 Lakhs is required to get his accounts audited under the Income Tax Act, 1961. A person registered under Sec. 44AE claims that the profits or losses from the business are lower than that computed on the......

Are you seeking a solution to recover lost money or are you suffering from bad debt? If you are a manufacturer or a Creditor who has given a loan or provided services or supplied goods, etc. to a Company and the Debtor/Corporate debtor has not paid or defaulted on the payment, then the new Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code, 2016, is the answer to all your woes. How does the Insolvency & B......

ELIGIBILITY: Where a company is formed and registered under Companies Act, 1956 or 2013 for a future project or to hold an asset or intellectual property and has no significant accounting transaction, such company or an inactive company may make an application to the Registrar for obtaining a status of the dormant company. Meaning of Inactive companies is those which has not been carrying on any ......

Recently, Ministry of Corporate Affairs has notified Section 12 of Companies Act 2013 vide Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017 which requires a Company to establish its registered office capable of receiving and acknowledging all communications and notices as may be addressed to it, within 30 days of its incorporation and at all times thereafter. The said provisions also mandate an intimation to Regis......

Foreign Tax Credit – Act, Rules, Treaties, and Judicial Precedents – Road to Confusion Ahead   Today, if one were to discuss the various provisions of the Income-tax, 1961 one area which would elicit different responses would be the mechanism for computation of Foreign Tax Credit.   Central Board of Direct Tax (‘CBDT’) set up a Committee to suggest the methodo......

Dear Professional Colleagues, In the era of globalization, trade barrier’s does not exist between countries due to which Multinational companies(MNCs) having a presence in many countries freely trade across the globe. Due to this presence in many countries, MNC’s enjoys the inherent advantages of trading globally such as lower prices, reduced interest rates, and higher credit period. ......

Dear Professional Colleagues,Ministry of Corporate Affairs vide its notification dated 10th September 2018 mandated the issue of securities in dematerialized form and facilitating dematerialisation of all its existing securities by unlisted public Companies which shall effective from October 02, 2018.   This is another step taken by the Ministry Corporate Affairs towards the cleaning proces......

Partner Mamta Binani & Associates Introduction The Investors invest in the securities of companies with an expectation that they will receive a good return on their investments. The investors get their return on investments by the way of dividend from the profits of the company as well as through corporate benefits like bonus shares etc. In case the investee company is listed, the investor......

Dear Professional Colleagues,   As per the Ministry of Corporate Affairs new amendment dated 10th September 2018 (http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/CompaniesProspectus3amdRule_10092018.pdf) requiring Admission for Unlisted Company for offering the facility of dematerialisation to shareholders.   In this regard, we wish to inform you that the Issuer may establish electronic connectiv......

Dear Professional Colleagues,As its name suggests Employee Stock Ownership Plan is an extensive employee benefits offering that works in a meaningful way to drive employee satisfaction, motivation and retention. Whereas the employee benefit plan such as medical, life and disability insurance plan, retirement benefits plan, paid-time-off benefits provide financial security to......

Dear Professional Colleagues,Bonus Shares are issued for capitalising the Profits and/ or Reserves of the Company. Companies Act, 2013 has provided distinguished provisions for the same unlike in erstwhile Companies Act, 1956 where reference had to be taken of the Articles of Association of the Company while doing so. As per sub-section (1) of Section 63 of the Companies Act, 2013: A Com......

Did you get Disqualified from Directorship? The drastic step of Mass Disqualification of Directors and deactivation of DINs by ROC has left the whole Industry flabbergasted and startled. This is not a roadblock but a beginning in the line with Compliance module. Directors are being provided with various opportunities to get their Disqualification Removed and DIN Restored even if they are not......

TEAM MAMTA BINANI & ASSOCIATES As the title suggests E-Form DIR 3 KYC is a reform in the corporate world. But a question also comes to mind regarding DIN (Director’s Identification Number) and DIR 3. It is a known fact that to become a Director one has to apply for DIN in Form DIR 3 and for any modification in the form it is done in Form DIR 6. E-Form DIR 3 KYC has been introduced by Ce......

30th July, 2018   Dear Professional Colleagues,                                      Subject: Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017 and Companies (Incorporation) Third Amendment Rules, 2018 – Reg. The Min......

(Notified on 5-July-2018)Applicability – All the Directors including Disqualified Director.Every Director who is having DIN on or before 31-March-2018 and whose DIN is in Approved Status has to file DIR-3 KYC eForm. This form would be duly certified by practising professional (CS\CA\CMA). Timing Of Filling – On or before 31-August-2018, Afterwards will be filed Annually. Details to b......

Dear Professional Colleagues, Every Director who has been allotted Director Identification Number (DIN) as on 31st March of a financial year shall submit e-form DIR 3 KYC to the Central Government on or before 30th April of immediate next financial year. But, for the current year, DIR-3 KYC is required to be filed on or be......

Dear Professional Colleagues & Seniors, Enclosed please find my compilation on Significant Beneficial Ownership. The above has been based on my understanding and interpretation of the provisions. Trust you shall find the same useful for your professional reference. ......

Dear Professional Colleagues & Seniors, As a measure for capacity building of Insolvency Professionals, it was being considered by IBBI to create a pool of Insolvency Associates, who will support IPs in carrying out their responsibilities as Para-staff. The program has been designed under the aegis of Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. The inaugurati......

BRIEF BACKGROUND There’s more than one way to raise capital, and the very first option starts with you. If you’re not willing to invest in yourself, how can you expect anyone else to? Many successful entrepreneurs put nearly all their savings into their small business, and that helps catch the eye of investors because it’s clear you’re fully committed to the project. But w......

Introduction   The Investors invest in the Securities of the Listed Companies with an expectation that, they will receive a good return on their investments.   The investors get back their return on investments by way of dividend from the profits of the Company as well as bonus shares etc. These corporate action benefits are credited directly to the Demat Account of the respective sh......

CS Divya JainAssociate PartnerSR & Associates, Company Secretarieswww.csravibhushan.comIntroduction   In alignment with the Indian Government’s continuing efforts to bolster foreign investment and ease of doing business in India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued an important circular A.P. (DIR Series) Circular No.30 on 7th June, 2018 with the aim of simplifying reporting und......

Mamta Binani & Associates Amendment in SEBI (Listing Obligations & Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015- incorporating amendments dated 7th May, 9th May and May 31st, 2018 (Classified on the basis of the dates from which they are to become effective) The said Amendments are effective in phases: few from current FY and few in next 2 FYs.  Amended  Regulations applicable ......

Introduction:           Section 230 of the Act deals with compromise or arrangements proposed between a company and its creditors or members.   Section 231 of the Act deals with the powers of the National Company Law Tribunal (the ‘Tribunal’) to enforce compromise or arrangement.   Section 232 of the Act deals with the compr......